diff --git a/sdk-core/src/main/java/com/xuqm/sdk/XuqmSDK.kt b/sdk-core/src/main/java/com/xuqm/sdk/XuqmSDK.kt
index cb8ba0c..bd86475 100644
--- a/sdk-core/src/main/java/com/xuqm/sdk/XuqmSDK.kt
+++ b/sdk-core/src/main/java/com/xuqm/sdk/XuqmSDK.kt
@@ -337,9 +337,25 @@ object XuqmSDK {
         val key = "device_id"
         val stored = prefs.getString(key, null)
         if (!stored.isNullOrBlank()) return stored
-        val generated = java.util.UUID.randomUUID().toString()
-        prefs.edit().putString(key, generated).apply()
-        return generated
+
+        // 优先使用 ANDROID_ID（卸载重装后不变，绑定设备而非应用）
+        val androidId = runCatching {
+            android.provider.Settings.Secure.getString(
+                context.contentResolver,
+                android.provider.Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID,
+            )
+        }.getOrNull()
+
+        // 已知的无效值：某些设备返回固定值或 null
+        val badValues = setOf("", "9774d56d682e549c", "null", "unknown")
+        val deviceId = if (!androidId.isNullOrBlank() && androidId.lowercase() !in badValues) {
+            "aid_$androidId"
+        } else {
+            java.util.UUID.randomUUID().toString()
+        }
+
+        prefs.edit().putString(key, deviceId).apply()
+        return deviceId
     }
 
     private fun platformInitException(platformUrl: String, appKey: String, cause: Throwable): Throwable {