diff --git a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/controller/PushManagementController.java b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/controller/PushManagementController.java
index c1cfa50..b40407d 100644
--- a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/controller/PushManagementController.java
+++ b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/controller/PushManagementController.java
@@ -156,11 +156,14 @@ public class PushManagementController {
         PushDiagnosticsService.TestPushResult result = diagnosticsService.sendTestOfflineMessage(
                 request.appKey(),
                 request.userId(),
+                request.deviceId(),
                 request.title(),
                 request.body(),
                 request.payload());
-        opLogService.record(request.appKey(), "TEST_PUSH", "PUSH", request.userId(),
-                "向 " + request.userId() + " 发送测试推送", null);
+        String target = request.deviceId() != null && !request.deviceId().isBlank()
+                ? "向 " + request.userId() + " 的指定设备发送测试推送"
+                : "向 " + request.userId() + " 发送测试推送";
+        opLogService.record(request.appKey(), "TEST_PUSH", "PUSH", request.userId(), target, null);
         return ResponseEntity.ok(ApiResponse.success(result));
     }
 
@@ -179,5 +182,6 @@ public class PushManagementController {
     public record ImportUserRequest(String appKey, String userId, String nickname,
                                     String avatar, String gender, String status) {}
     public record TestOfflineRequest(String appKey, String userId,
+                                     String deviceId,
                                      String title, String body, String payload) {}
 }
diff --git a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDiagnosticsService.java b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDiagnosticsService.java
index 3a4d61a..57635ad 100644
--- a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDiagnosticsService.java
+++ b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDiagnosticsService.java
@@ -112,7 +112,19 @@ public class PushDiagnosticsService {
                 devices.stream().map(DeviceInfo::from).toList());
     }
 
-    public TestPushResult sendTestOfflineMessage(String appKey, String userId, String title, String body, String payload) {
+    public TestPushResult sendTestOfflineMessage(String appKey, String userId, String deviceId, String title, String body, String payload) {
+        if (deviceId != null && !deviceId.isBlank()) {
+            Optional<DeviceTokenEntity> device = tokenRepository.findById(deviceId)
+                    .filter(e -> appKey.equals(e.getAppKey()) && userId.equals(e.getUserId()));
+            if (device.isEmpty()) {
+                return new TestPushResult(appKey, userId, false, 0, List.of());
+            }
+            // Device found — attempt regardless of receivePush flag (this is a manual test)
+            DeviceInfo target = DeviceInfo.from(device.get());
+            boolean ok = pushDispatcher.pushToSpecificDevice(appKey, userId, deviceId, title, body, payload);
+            // Always include the target so frontend can distinguish "vendor rejected" from "device not found"
+            return new TestPushResult(appKey, userId, ok, 1, List.of(target));
+        }
         List<DeviceInfo> targets = pushDispatcher.selectedPushTargets(appKey, userId)
                 .stream()
                 .map(DeviceInfo::from)
diff --git a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDispatcher.java b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDispatcher.java
index 15e6d8a..50463d4 100644
--- a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDispatcher.java
+++ b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/PushDispatcher.java
@@ -276,6 +276,24 @@ public class PushDispatcher {
         recordLog(saved, DeviceLoginLogEntity.EventType.REGISTER);
     }
 
+    public boolean pushToSpecificDevice(String appKey, String userId, String deviceEntityId, String title, String body, String payload) {
+        Optional<DeviceTokenEntity> device = tokenRepository.findById(deviceEntityId)
+                .filter(e -> appKey.equals(e.getAppKey()) && userId.equals(e.getUserId()));
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            log.warn("pushToSpecificDevice: device not found id={} userId={} appKey={}", deviceEntityId, userId, appKey);
+            return false;
+        }
+        DeviceTokenEntity t = device.get();
+        PushProvider provider = providers.get(t.getVendor().name());
+        if (provider == null) {
+            log.warn("pushToSpecificDevice: no provider for vendor={}", t.getVendor());
+            return false;
+        }
+        boolean ok = provider.send(appKey, t.getToken(), title, body, payload, resolveOptions(appKey, payload, t.getVendor()));
+        log.info("Test push to {}@{} via {} deviceId={}: {}", userId, appKey, t.getVendor(), t.getDeviceId(), ok ? "OK" : "FAIL");
+        return ok;
+    }
+
     public void setReceivePush(String appKey, String userId, String deviceId, boolean enabled) {
         List<DeviceTokenEntity> tokens = deviceId == null || deviceId.isBlank()
                 ? tokenRepository.findByAppKeyAndUserId(appKey, userId)
diff --git a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/VivoPushProvider.java b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/VivoPushProvider.java
index f4aae6f..eae1c8b 100644
--- a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/VivoPushProvider.java
+++ b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/VivoPushProvider.java
@@ -83,8 +83,13 @@ public class VivoPushProvider implements PushProvider {
             HttpResponse<String> response = httpClient.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());
             if (response.statusCode() == 200) {
                 JsonNode json = objectMapper.readTree(response.body());
-                return json.path("result").asInt(-1) == 0;
+                int result = json.path("result").asInt(-1);
+                if (result != 0) {
+                    log.warn("Vivo push rejected result={} desc={} body={}", result, json.path("desc").asText(""), response.body());
+                }
+                return result == 0;
             }
+            log.warn("Vivo push HTTP error status={} body={}", response.statusCode(), response.body());
             return false;
         } catch (Exception e) {
             log.error("Vivo push failed: {}", e.getMessage());
diff --git a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/XiaomiPushProvider.java b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/XiaomiPushProvider.java
index d4a4882..39aa9c4 100644
--- a/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/XiaomiPushProvider.java
+++ b/push-service/src/main/java/com/xuqm/push/service/provider/XiaomiPushProvider.java
@@ -48,9 +48,10 @@ public class XiaomiPushProvider implements PushProvider {
             appSecret = resolveVendorConfig(appKey, "appKey", envAppSecret);
         }
         if (appSecret.isBlank()) {
-            log.warn("Xiaomi push not configured");
+            log.warn("Xiaomi push not configured: appSecret is blank for appKey={}", appKey);
             return false;
         }
+        log.debug("Xiaomi push using appSecret={}...", appSecret.length() > 8 ? appSecret.substring(0, 8) : "[short]");
 
         Map<String, String> platformInfo = configClient.fetchPlatformInfo(appKey);
         String packageName = platformInfo.getOrDefault("androidPackageName", "");
@@ -95,8 +96,17 @@ public class XiaomiPushProvider implements PushProvider {
                 JsonNode json = mapper.readTree(response.body());
                 String result = json.path("result").asText("");
                 if (!"ok".equalsIgnoreCase(result)) {
-                    log.warn("Xiaomi push rejected result={} description={} body={}",
-                            result, json.path("description").asText(""), response.body());
+                    int code = json.path("code").asInt(0);
+                    String reason = json.path("reason").asText(json.path("description").asText(""));
+                    if (code == 21301) {
+                        log.error("Xiaomi push auth failed (21301): AppSecret is invalid for appKey={}. " +
+                                "Check vendor config → 小米 → AppSecret. " +
+                                "Used appSecret prefix={}...",
+                                appKey,
+                                appSecret.length() > 8 ? appSecret.substring(0, 8) : "[short]");
+                    } else {
+                        log.warn("Xiaomi push rejected code={} reason={} body={}", code, reason, response.body());
+                    }
                     return false;
                 }
             } catch (Exception e) {